Evaluasi Penerapan Tokyo MoU Guna Meningkatkan Aspek Keselamatan Kapal Indonesia pada Pelayaran Internasional
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Abstract
Dalam rangka mematuhi standar peraturan internasional mengenai keselamatan pelayaran, keamanan, serta pencegahan pencemaran laut, merupakan tanggung jawab masing-masing negara bendera terhadap kapal-kapal yang mengibarkan benderanya. Sebagai negara berbasis maritim, setiap tahunnya ratusan kapal berbendera Indonesia berlayar ke luar negeri. Namun, masih tingginya angka persentase penahanan terhadap kapal berbendera Indonesia menyebabkan kurangnya kepercayaan dunia pelayaran terhadap standar keselamatan kapal Indonesia. Meskipun saat ini Indonesia termasuk dalam daftar “white list” di Tokyo MoU, Indonesia sangat rentan kembali ke daftar “grey list” bahkan “black list” jika tidak segera memperbaiki posisinya di dalam daftar “white list”. Peningkatan performa negara bendera menjadi sangat penting dalam meningkatkan kepercayaan tersebut dengan melibatkan seluruh stakeholder terkait. Untuk memenuhi tujuan tersebut, maka identifikasi terhadap jenis defisiensi yang menyebabkan penahanan kapal berbendera Indonesia dilakukan dengan klusterisasi menggunakan model Software, Hardware, Environment, dan Liveware (SHEL). Kemudian, penentuan stakeholder sebagai lapisan pertahanan untuk mencegah terjadinya penahanan kapal menggunakan model Swiss Cheese. Hasilnya adalah tiap stakeholder yang merepresentasikan tiap lapisan keju sebagai lapisan pertahanan mendapatkan identifikasi masalah yang spesifik dari tiap komponen pada SHEL, dan strategi pencegahan dapat diformulasikan dengan baik bagi tiap stakeholder. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai referensi oleh regulator, pemilik kapal atau perusahaan pelayaran, nahkoda, dan kru kapal dalam menerapkan strategi alternatif pencegahan penahanan kapal.
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